Colitis following the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A real-world analysis of spontaneous reports submitted to the FDA adverse event reporting system

BackgroundAlthough colitis has been reported in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), associations between colitis and ICIs had not been thoroughly assessed in real-world studies. Here, we identified and characterized significant colitis-associated with ICIs.MethodsBased on the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from January 2004 to December 2019, the disproportionality analysis and Bayesian analysis, including the reporting odds ratio (ROR), the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), the Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN) and the multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS) algorithms were adopted to data mining of the suspected adverse events of colitis after ICIs administrating. Clinical characteristics of patients with ICIs-associated colitis and the time to onset of colitis following different ICI regimens were collected.ResultsA total of 3786 reports of colitis adverse events were identified with ICIs. Seven ICI monotherapies were associated with the reporting of colitis. Statistically significant ROR, PRR, information component (IC), and empirical Bayesian geometric mean (EBGM) emerged for all ICI monotherapies and combination therapies. ICIs-associated colitis affected mostly male (53.51%), with a wide mean age range (60.65 to 72 years). Colitis adverse events were commonly reported in patients with melanoma and lung cancer. Adverse outcomes of colitis concerning ICI were mainly outcomes of hospitalization-initiated or prolonged and other serious. Among colitis cases, 17.43% cases of colitis concerning ICI lead to death. The adverse event of colitis occurred earliest in ipilimumab monotherapy with a median time to onset of 64.21 days (IQR: 27–69 days) among all monotherapies.ConclusionsICI may lead to severe and disabling ICIs-associated colitis during therapy. Analysis of FAERS data identified signals for adverse events of colitis with ICI regimens. Practitioners should consider the factors that may increase the likelihood of colitis. The findings support a continued surveillance and risk factor identification studies.     

Acute effects of brain-responsive neurostimulation in drug-resistant partial onset epilepsy

ObjectiveUnderstanding the acute effects of responsive stimulation (AERS) based on intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings in ambulatory patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy, and correlating these with changes in clinical seizure frequency, may help clinicians more efficiently optimize responsive stimulation settings.MethodsIn patients implanted with the NeuroPace® RNS® System, acute changes in iEEG spectral power following active and sham stimulation periods were quantified and compared within individual iEEG channels. Additionally, acute stimulation-induced acute iEEG changes were compared within iEEG channels before and after patients experienced substantial reductions in clinical seizure frequency.ResultsResponsive stimulation resulted in a 20.7% relative decrease in spectral power in the 2–4 second window following active stimulation, compared to sham stimulation. On several detection channels, the AERS features changed when clinical outcomes improved but were relatively stable otherwise. AERS change direction associated with clinical improvement was generally consistent within detection channels.ConclusionsIn this retrospective analysis, patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy treated with direct brain-responsive neurostimulation showed an acute stimulation related reduction in iEEG spectral power that was associated with reductions in clinical seizure frequency.SignificanceIdentifying favorable stimulation related changes in iEEG activity could help physicians to more rapidly optimize stimulation settings for each patient.     

基于数据挖掘和“味性化味”理论的藏医治疗疫病用药规律及肺疫方剂药性研究＊

目的 研究藏医治疗疫病的用药规律及肺疫方剂药性。方法 收集和整理藏医古籍文献中治疗疫病的方剂，运用IBM SPSS软件进行藏药频数、聚类和因子分析，运用SPSS Modeler和TBtools软件分别进行关联规则分析和肺疫病方剂的药性聚类分析。结果 共纳入160首方剂，涉及219味藏药材，统计频次≥16的高频藏药材34种，多以清热、解毒祛瘟和消疫药材为主。关联规则分析得到28项药物组，体现出藏医消疫祛邪、调隆祛寒的用药特点。聚类分析得到8个药物组合，反应了泻疫解毒和除瘟镇痛的藏医治法特点。因子分析提出6个公因子，反应了驱虫止疠的藏医治法，并表明藏药五味麝香丸在治疗疫病方剂配伍中占有举足轻重的地位。治疗肺疫经典方剂的藏药材主要以草本类药材为主。方剂药性聚类结果显示凉、钝、稀等治疗赤巴的药性值最高，符合藏医消疫、清热和调“隆”的治疗原则。结论 藏医治疗肺疫病主要采取消疫清热为主、调“隆”补益为辅的治疗原则。     

Diagnostic value of bright spotty lesions on MRI after a first episode of acute myelopathy

Background and purposeTo determine the diagnostic value of bright spotty lesions (BSLs) for aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD^AQP4+), the predictive value of axial-BSLs for AQP4-IgG seropositivity, and the radio-clinical differences in NMOSD^AQP4+ patients with and without axial-BSLs.Materials and methodsRetrospective study that included patients aged ≥ 16 years, with a first acute spinal cord syndrome between 2005 and 2018 and abnormal spinal cord MRI with axial and sagittal T2 sequences. Patients with MRI findings consistent with compressive myelopathy were excluded. All spinal cord MRI were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of BSLs by 2 radiologists blinded to the diagnosis of acute myelopathy.ResultsA total of 82 patients were included; 15 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients (NMOSD^AQP4+), and 67 other patients, considered as the other causes of myelopathy (OM) group. The specificity of axial-BSLs for NMOSD^AQP4+ patients was 94.0% (95% CI [85.6 to 97.7]). The sensitivity was 40.0% (95% CI [19.8 to 64.3]). In the multivariable analysis, the only MRI characteristic associated with AQP4-IgG positivity was the presence of axial-BSLs (OR: 9.2, 95% CI [1.2 to 72.9]; P = 0.022). In NMOSD^AQP4+ patients, the median of cord expansion ratio was higher with axial-BSL (1.2, IQR [1.1–1.3]) than without axial-BSL (1.1, IQR [1.0–1.2]; P = 0.046).ConclusionAfter a first acute spinal cord syndrome, the presence of axial-BSLs on spinal cord MRI seems very specific for NMOSD^AQP4+ and seems to be a predictor radiological marker of AQP4-IgG positivity.     

异黏蛋白调控鼻咽癌细胞增殖及紫杉醇耐药的研究

 目的 探讨异黏蛋白（Metadherin, MTDH）对鼻咽癌细胞增殖及紫杉醇耐药的影响。方法 采用慢病毒介导的MTDH cDNA和MTDH-shRNA转染鼻咽癌细胞，分别上调和抑制MTDH的表达。CCK-8法、流式细胞实验分别检测细胞增殖能力、细胞周期及凋亡改变。CCK-8法确定紫杉醇对鼻咽癌细胞的IC₃₀、IC₅₀、IIC₇₀，并检测IC₃₀、IC₅₀、IC₇₀浓度下MTDH过表达组与沉默组细胞生存率改变。结果 MTDH上调后5-8F、HNE-1细胞的增殖能力均增强，而沉默MTDH后细胞的增殖能力均降低。MTDH沉默组的G1期细胞比例明显增加。MTDH过表达组细胞凋亡率降低，MTDH沉默组细胞凋亡率增加。MTDH表达上调之后，鼻咽癌细胞对紫杉醇的敏感度降低，在IC₇₀、IC₅₀浓度下，MTDH过表达组细胞的生存率高于对照组细胞。沉默MTDH之后，鼻咽癌细胞对紫杉醇的敏感度升高，在IC₅₀、IC₃₀浓度下，MTDH沉默组细胞的生存率低于对照组细胞。结论 MTDH在促进鼻咽癌细胞增殖中起重要作用，其高表达可促进鼻咽癌细胞紫杉醇耐药性的产生。     

甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠对自身免疫性肺气肿模型大鼠氧化应激和抗内皮细胞抗体的影响

目的:研究甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠对自身免疫性肺气肿模型大鼠氧化应激和抗内皮细胞抗体(AECA)的影响。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和干预组,每组8只。除对照组大鼠腹腔注射等体积的完全弗氏佐剂外,模型组和干预组大鼠均腹腔注射体外培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞+完全弗氏佐剂混合物以复制自身免疫性肺气肿模型;造模给药后第2天,干预组大鼠腹腔注射甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠10 mg/(kg·d),对照组和模型组大鼠均腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水,每日1次,连续21 d。末次给药后,取各组大鼠右肺组织制作石蜡切片并行苏木精-伊红染色,观察肺组织病理变化,测量单位面积内的肺泡数(MAN)和内衬间隔(MLI);检测左肺肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,以及BALF和血清中AECA含量。采用Pearson分析模型组大鼠BALF中AECA与MDA、GSH、SOD、GSH-Px的相关性。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠肺组织可见明显的肺气肿病理变化,其MAN显著减少,MLI显著延长(P<0.01);BALF中GSH含量和SOD、GSH-Px活性均显著降低,BALF中MDA含量以及BALF、血清中AECA含量均显著升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,干预组大鼠肺组织的肺气肿病理变化明显改善,其MAN显著增加,MLI显著缩短(P<0.01);BALF中GSH含量和SOD、GSH-Px活性均显著升高;BALF中MDA含量以及BALF、血清中AECA含量均显著降低(P<0.01)。模型组大鼠BALF中的AECA与MDA呈正相关(r=0.710,P<0.05),与GSH、SOD、GSH-Px呈负相关(r=-0.754、-0.781、-0.736,P<0.05)。结论:甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠可能通过减轻氧化应激反应、抑制AECA的表达,从而达到预防自身免疫性肺气肿的目的。     

The effect of maternal antibodies on the cellular immune response after infant vaccination: A review

During the last few decades, maternal immunization as a strategy to protect young infants from infectious diseases has been increasingly recommended, yet some issues have emerged. Studies have shown that for several vaccines, such as live attenuated, toxoid and conjugated vaccines, high maternal antibody titers inhibit the infant’s humoral immune response after infant vaccination. However, it is not clear whether this decreased antibody titer has any clinical impact on the infant’s protection, as the cellular immune responses are often equally important in providing disease protection and may therefore compensate for diminished antibody levels. Reports describing the effect of maternal antibodies on the cellular immune response after infant vaccination are scarce, probably because such studies are expensive, labor intensive and utilize poorly standardized laboratory techniques. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on what is currently known about the cellular immune responses after infant vaccination in the presence of high (maternal) antibody titers both in animal and human studies. Overall, the findings suggest that maternally derived antibodies do not interfere with the cellular immune responses after infant vaccination. However, more research in humans is clearly needed, as most data originate from animal studies.